UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
COMPREHENSIVE WATERSHED PROTECTION AND FLOOD PREVENTION PLAN
DESTINY CREEK WATERSHED
Destiny County, Colorado
USDA Soil Conservation Service Technical Publication Series
District Office Investigation Bulletin No. 412 (Expanded Master Edition)
Prepared in Active Cooperation With:
Destiny County Board of Commissioners
Colorado Water Conservation Board
Colorado State Forest Service
USDA Forest Service (Arapaho National Forest)
Colorado Division of Wildlife
Publication Date: December 1976
PREFACE
The Soil Conservation Service (SCS), an administrative agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, in active cooperation with local, State, and Federal agencies, has made an extensive study of the Destiny Creek Watershed. The purpose of this investigation was to make an inventory of the basic natural resources—soils, water, vegetation, and wildlife; to determine the present land use and the capability of the land for future use; to determine existing problems of soil and water conservation; and to plan the works of improvement needed to conserve the basic natural resources and to protect life and property from floodwater and sediment damage.
This investigation was made under the authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 566), as amended, and the Colorado State Soil Conservation Act. The study was requested by the Destiny County Board of Commissioners and sponsored by the Colorado Water Conservation Board.
The Soil Conservation Service gratefully acknowledges the cooperation and assistance provided by public agencies, civic organizations, and private citizens throughout Destiny County. Special thanks are extended to the Destiny County Board of Commissioners, the Colorado Water Conservation Board, the Colorado State Forest Service, the USDA Forest Service, and the Colorado Division of Wildlife for their technical assistance and field support.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Soil Conservation Service gratefully acknowledges the extensive cooperation, field assistance, historical records, and technical contributions provided by public agencies, civic organizations, and private citizens throughout Destiny County. Special recognition and appreciation are extended to the following organizations and individuals:
Local Landowners and Agricultural Operators: For granting unrestricted property access across agricultural holdings, providing multi-generational historical records regarding localized flood crests, snowpack accumulation, and historical stream behavior, and actively participating in local conservation field interviews.
Destiny County Board of Commissioners: For sponsoring the watershed study under formal county resolution, providing historical road maintenance and bridge repair logs, making county mapping assets available, and offering ongoing administrative guidance throughout the 1975–1976 study period.
Colorado Water Conservation Board: For technical assistance regarding surface water hydrology, regional flood frequency statistical modeling, stream gaging record synthesis, and water rights documentation.
Colorado State Forest Service: For contributing detailed forest health assessments, wildfire hazard and fuel load appraisals, silvicultural inventory data, and insect/disease survey logs.
USDA Forest Service (Arapaho National Forest): For providing official timber resource maps, trail condition assessments, grazing allotment administration records, and cooperative upland watershed management data across National Forest system lands.
Colorado Division of Wildlife: For conducting stream electroshocking fish population surveys, mapping critical big-game winter concentration areas and migration corridors, and evaluating aquatic macroinvertebrate habitat conditions.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii
Chapter 1 — Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
 1.1 Purpose and Scope of Investigation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
 1.2 Statutory Authority and Legislative Framework ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
 1.3 Location and Geographic Extent of Study Area ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
 1.4 Field Investigation Methods and Analytical Protocols ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Chapter 2 — Watershed Description ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
 2.1 Regional Geographic Setting and Spatial Context ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
 2.2 Drainage Network and Axial Hydrography ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
 2.3 Climatological Regime and Microclimates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
 2.4 Topographic Relief, Geomorphology, and Slope Dynamics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
 2.5 Land Ownership Pattern and Jurisdictional Framework ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Chapter 3 — Geologic Setting ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
 3.1 Regional Tectonic and Bedrock Lithology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
 3.2 Quaternary Surficial Deposits and Geomorphology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
 3.3 Slope Stability Categories and Mass Movement Potential ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 23
 3.4 Historical Mineral Extraction and Economic Geology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 25
 3.5 Conservation Engineering Implications of Geology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 27
Chapter 4 — Soil Resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
 4.1 Soil Formation Factors and Pedological Overview ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
 4.2 Field Soil Survey Methods and Mapping Standards ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 31
 4.3 Detailed Descriptions of Soil Associations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
 4.4 Soil Engineering Suitability and Physical Constraints ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 36
 4.5 Agricultural Capability and Land Capability Classification ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
Chapter 5 — Water Resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
 5.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Discharge Dynamics ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
 5.2 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Aquifers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
 5.3 Basin Spring Inventory and Hydro-Chemical Properties ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45
 5.4 Surface Water Quality and Environmental Monitoring ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
 5.5 Flood Frequency Analysis and Peak Discharge Potential ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
Chapter 6 — Vegetation Resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
 6.1 Forest Ecology and Silvicultural Cover Types ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 51
 6.2 Riparian Plant Communities and Wetland Habitats ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 53
 6.3 Mountain Meadow Pasture and Range Resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 55
 6.4 Commercial Timber Values and Forest Health Evaluation ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
Chapter 7 — Wildlife Resources ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
 7.1 Big Game Ungulate Populations and Range Ecology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 59
 7.2 Avian Populations, Nesting Ecology, and Small Mammals ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
 7.3 Cold-Water Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Conditions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 63
Chapter 8 — Existing Land Use ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
 8.1 Land Use Distribution and Classification Breakdown ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 65
 8.2 Transportation Networks, Roads, and Utilities ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 67
 8.3 Ranching, Grazing Allotments, and Forage Production ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 69
Chapter 9 — Watershed Problems ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
 9.1 Accelerated Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 71
 9.2 Streambank Instability and Channel Morphology Loss ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
 9.3 Transportation Drainage and Culvert Deficiencies ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 75
 9.4 Wildfire Fuel Accumulation and Insect Infestations ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 77
Chapter 10 — Recommended Conservation Practices ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
 10.1 Road Engineering, Slope Stabilization, and Drainage ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 79
 10.2 Vegetative Streambank Stabilization and Fish Habitat Improvement ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 81
 10.3 Silvicultural Thinning and Wildfire Fuel Reduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 83
Chapter 11 — Estimated Project Costs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
 11.1 Itemized Capital Expenditure Budget ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 85
 11.2 Cost-Sharing Programs and Implementation Timeline ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 87
Chapter 12 — Summary and Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 89
References Cited ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 91
Appendices (A–M) Index of Supporting Map Plates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 93
CHAPTER 1 — INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose and Scope of Investigation
This comprehensive watershed protection and flood prevention plan addresses the critical need for coordinated resource management within the Destiny Creek Watershed. The investigation encompasses the entire 20,480-acre drainage basin, evaluating physical resource conditions, identifying degradation processes, and prescribing site-specific conservation treatments. The scope extends beyond immediate flood prevention to encompass long-term watershed health, sustainable agricultural productivity, and stability of soil, water, plant, and wildlife resources.
The primary objectives include: (1) documenting baseline conditions of soil, water, vegetation, and wildlife resources; (2) quantifying rates of soil erosion and sediment transport; (3) assessing hydraulic capacity of existing stream channels and drainage structures; (4) evaluating wildfire hazard and forest health conditions; and (5) developing prioritized, cost-effective treatment recommendations compatible with ongoing agricultural and forestry operations.
1.2 Statutory Authority and Legislative Framework
This investigation proceeds under authority of the Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act (Public Law 566), as amended, authorizing the Secretary of Agriculture to provide technical and financial assistance for watershed protection and flood prevention projects. The Colorado Water Conservation Board operates under Title 37, Article 60, Colorado Revised Statutes, coordinating state water resource planning and floodplain management.
Interagency cooperation formalized through Memorandum of Understanding executed March 1975 establishes roles for federal, state, and county entities. The SCS maintains primary technical leadership for soil and water conservation practices, while the Colorado State Forest Service directs forest management activities. Colorado Division of Wildlife retains jurisdiction over wildlife habitat modifications, and Destiny County assumes responsibility for road and bridge infrastructure improvements.
1.3 Location and Geographic Extent of Study Area
The Destiny Creek Watershed occupies the southwestern quadrant of Destiny County, Colorado, within the Front Range physiographic province. The basin extends from the continental divide ridge line at 10,420 feet MSL to the confluence with Middle St. Vrain Creek at 7,880 feet MSL, encompassing approximately 32 square miles of mountainous terrain.
Geographic coordinates range from 40°15′ to 40°22′ North latitude and 105°35′ to 105°42′ West longitude. The watershed boundary follows prominent ridge lines separating Destiny Creek from adjacent drainages including Beaver Creek to the north and Elkhorn Creek to the south. Primary access occurs via County Road 47, which traverses the lower basin, and Forest Service Road 284, accessing upper elevations within the Arapaho National Forest.
1.4 Field Investigation Methods and Analytical Protocols
Soil resource evaluation followed SCS National Soil Survey Handbook protocols, with 127 observation pits excavated to parent material or restrictive layers. Pedon descriptions recorded horizon depths, texture by field estimation and laboratory hydrometer analysis, structure, consistence, and drainage characteristics. Soil associations mapped at 1:12,000 scale using aerial photograph interpretation verified by ground truthing.
Hydrologic analysis employed procedures contained in the SCS National Engineering Handbook, Section 4, Hydrology, including the SCS runoff curve-number method and regional unit-hydrograph procedures adapted to mountain watersheds. Precipitation frequency analysis utilized NOAA Atlas 2 for Colorado. Stream discharge measurements were made with Price AA current meters at established cross sections. Ground-water investigations included an inventory of springs, observation of water levels, and pumping tests where wells were accessible.
Vegetation surveys employed line-point intercept methods along permanent transects, recording species composition, canopy cover, and basal area. Timber cruises utilized 1/10-acre variable radius plots for merchantable volume estimation. Wildlife assessments combined direct observation, track and sign surveys, and coordination with Colorado Division of Wildlife harvest statistics and population survey data.
CHAPTER 2 — WATERSHED DESCRIPTION
Table 2.1: Watershed Geographic and Elevation Summary
| Parameter | Value / Description |
| Total Drainage Area | 32.0 sq. miles (20,480 acres) |
| Maximum Elevation (Ridge Line Divide) | 10,420 feet MSL |
| Minimum Elevation (Basin Outlet) | 7,880 feet MSL |
| Total Maximum Relief | 2,540 vertical feet |
| Total Stream Length (Destiny Creek Mainstem) | 11.4 miles |
| Mainstem Average Gradient | 222 feet/mile (4.2%) |
| Primary Receiving Waters | Middle St. Vrain Creek (South of Study Boundary) |
2.1 Regional Geographic Setting and Spatial Context
The Destiny Creek Watershed occupies the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range within the montane and subalpine zones of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The basin lies approximately 45 miles northwest of Denver and 12 miles west of the municipal center of Destiny County. The area is underlain chiefly by Precambrian granitic and metamorphic rocks, with younger alluvial, colluvial, and glacial deposits confined mainly to valley bottoms, benches, and high basins.
The watershed contributes to the South Platte River drainage via Middle St. Vrain Creek, ultimately supplying agricultural and municipal water users on the eastern plains. This geographic position places the basin within the critical snow accumulation zone, where orographic precipitation patterns generate significant seasonal runoff volumes essential for downstream water supply.
2.2 Drainage Network and Axial Hydrography
Destiny Creek flows south-southeast through the basin center, generally following joints, faults, and zones of weakness in the crystalline bedrock. The drainage network is predominantly dendritic, with local angular reaches where tributaries and the main channel follow bedrock fractures.
Seven named tributaries contribute to the mainstem: North Fork Destiny Creek, Willow Creek, Spring Creek, Bear Gulch, Cedar Draw, and two unnamed ephemeral draws. Perennial flow originates approximately at 9,200 feet elevation, sustained by snowmelt, springs, and baseflow contributions. The mainstem channel morphology transitions from steep, cascade-pool sequences in the upper basin to lower-gradient riffle-run reaches approaching the outlet. Active channel widths range from 8-12 feet in headwaters to 25-35 feet at the basin outlet, with sinuosity indices averaging 1.15-1.25.
2.3 Climatological Regime and Microclimates
The watershed experiences a continental montane climate characterized by cold winters, mild summers, and moderate precipitation concentrated in spring snowmelt and summer thunderstorms. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 18 inches at the basin outlet to 35 inches at the highest elevations, with snow comprising 60-70% of total precipitation above 9,000 feet.
Temperature regimes vary significantly with elevation. Mean annual temperature at 8,000 feet approximates 45°F, decreasing to 35°F at 10,000 feet. Frost-free periods range from 90-120 days depending on slope aspect and local air drainage patterns. Prevailing westerly winds interact with the continental divide to create orographic precipitation maxima on west-facing slopes, while east-facing slopes experience rain shadow effects and higher evapotranspiration rates.
Microclimatic variations result from slope aspect, gradient, and topographic sheltering. South-facing slopes exhibit xeric conditions supporting drought-adapted vegetation, while north-facing slopes retain moisture longer, supporting mesic forest communities. Thermal belts occur along mid-slope positions, influencing snowmelt timing and growing season length.
2.4 Topographic Relief, Geomorphology, and Slope Dynamics
Topographic relief of 2,540 feet creates distinct elevational zones with associated geomorphic processes. Upper basin terrain (above 9,500 feet) features glacially carved cirques, arêtes, and U-shaped valleys mantled with till deposits. Middle elevations (8,500-9,500 feet) display fluvial dissection of bedrock and colluvial slopes. Lower basin areas (below 8,500 feet) contain alluvial fans, terraces, and floodplain deposits.
Slope gradient categories include: gentle (0-15%), moderate (15-30%), steep (30-60%), and very steep (>60%). Approximately 45% of the watershed exceeds 30% gradient, presenting constraints for road construction and agricultural development. Slope aspect distributions favor north-facing orientations (35%), followed by south (28%), east (20%), and west (17%) aspects.
Mass-movement features include dormant rock glaciers in upper cirques, solifluction lobes on high cold slopes, and recent debris slides on oversteepened road cuts. Slope stability is governed chiefly by gradient, depth and saturation of colluvium, fractured bedrock, and seepage conditions. Deep weathered materials and saturated valley-side deposits show the greatest tendency toward failure.
2.5 Land Ownership Pattern and Jurisdictional Framework
Land ownership within the watershed comprises a complex mosaic of federal, state, and private holdings. The USDA Forest Service administers approximately 8,400 acres (41%) within the Arapaho National Forest, primarily occupying upper elevations above 9,000 feet. Private lands total 11,200 acres (55%), concentrated in the lower and middle elevations where agricultural and residential uses predominate. State of Colorado holdings include 880 acres (4%) of State Trust Lands leased for grazing.
Jurisdictional responsibilities follow ownership boundaries. The Forest Service manages timber, grazing, and recreation on federal lands under multiple-use mandates. Destiny County exercises land use planning and road maintenance authority on private lands. The Colorado State Engineer administers water rights throughout the basin, while the Colorado Division of Wildlife manages wildlife populations across ownership boundaries.
This fragmented ownership pattern necessitates coordinated planning approaches, as conservation treatments on federal lands must complement private land management to achieve benefits throughout the drainage area. Existing cooperative agreements between the Forest Service and private landowners facilitate coordinated grazing management and fence maintenance.
CHAPTER 3 — GEOLOGIC SETTING
3.1 Regional Tectonic and Bedrock Lithology
The Destiny Creek Watershed lies within the Front Range uplift, a Laramide structural province characterized by uplift and exposure of ancient crystalline rocks. The basin is located well within the mountain block, where Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks predominate and younger sedimentary formations of the foothills are absent or lie east of the study area.
Bedrock consists chiefly of granitic gneiss, schist, migmatite, and quartz monzonite approximately 1.4 to 1.8 billion years old. These competent rocks form the principal ridges, canyon walls, and bedrock-controlled stream reaches. Local shear zones, pegmatite dikes, quartz veins, and deeply weathered fracture zones influence spring occurrence, slope stability, and the location of several historic mine workings.
3.2 Quaternary Surficial Deposits and Geomorphology
Pleistocene glaciation profoundly shaped the upper watershed, leaving moraine complexes, cirque basins, and glacial outwash terraces. The Wisconsin-age glacial maximum extended to approximately 9,400 feet elevation, depositing lateral and terminal moraines that now support well-drained gravelly soils. Periglacial processes active during glacial retreat created extensive block fields and patterned ground features above treeline.
Holocene alluvial deposits mantle valley floors and lower slopes, ranging from coarse cobble gravels in active channels to fine silty loams on terrace surfaces. Colluvial deposits, including talus slopes and debris fans, accumulate at the base of steep bedrock cliffs. Soil creep and solifluction continue to modify slopes under current climatic conditions, particularly in areas with seasonal frost penetration.
Historic and recent slide deposits occur where springs and seeps saturate deep colluvium, glacial deposits, or strongly weathered bedrock. These areas indicate continuing slope instability and require special consideration in road location, drainage design, and placement of permanent structures.
3.3 Slope Stability Categories and Mass Movement Potential
Slope stability assessment categorized watershed terrain into four stability classes based on bedrock competence, gradient, soil depth, and hydrologic conditions:
Class A (Stable): Crystalline bedrock outcrops and shallow soils on moderate gradients (<30%). Low mass movement potential; suitable for road construction with standard engineering.
Class B (Moderately Stable): Fractured crystalline bedrock with thin to moderate colluvial cover on moderate to steep slopes. Shallow debris slides may occur during intense precipitation or rapid snowmelt; road cuts require drainage control and benching where materials are deeply weathered.
Class C (Marginally Stable): Deep colluvium, weathered shear zones, glacial deposits, and saturated valley-side materials on steep slopes. These areas are susceptible to slumping, earth movement, and debris sliding; major cuts should be avoided or supported by special drainage and retaining works.
Class D (Unstable): Springs, seepage zones, and areas of historic landslide activity. Avoid all permanent structures; restrict to low-intensity uses with minimal surface disturbance.
Approximately 23 percent of the watershed falls within Class C or D stability categories, chiefly in saturated colluvial deposits, deeply weathered fracture zones, and areas of old or recent slope movement in the middle elevations.
3.4 Historical Mineral Extraction and Economic Geology
Mining activity occurred within the watershed from the 1880s through the early twentieth century. Small placer operations worked gravels along Destiny Creek and several tributaries, while limited underground prospecting followed quartz veins and mineralized shear zones near Northfield and adjoining ridges. Most workings were short-lived and produced little recorded ore. Abandoned adits, prospect pits, waste-rock piles, and disturbed stream gravels remain at scattered locations.
No large commercially important ore body has been demonstrated within the watershed. Mineralization is confined mainly to narrow quartz veins and altered fracture zones in the Precambrian rocks. Sand and gravel occur in alluvial terraces and glacial deposits, but development is limited by distance from markets, steep access, and competing watershed values.
3.5 Conservation Engineering Implications of Geology
Geologic conditions strongly influence the location and design of conservation works. Road construction in fresh crystalline rock may require drilling and blasting, while deeply weathered granite, glacial deposits, and colluvium can generally be excavated with heavy equipment. Culverts and ditches must be designed for coarse sediment, boulders, and debris derived from steep tributary slopes and active fans.
Stream-channel stability reflects the balance between sediment supplied by unstable slopes and the ability of the stream to carry that material. Bank protection and grade-control works should use durable local granitic rock where suitable material is available. Spring developments should be located at dependable fracture zones, at contacts beneath glacial or colluvial deposits, or in other established seepage areas, with sanitary protection provided where water is used for domestic supply.
Earthquake damage is not considered a major limitation for ordinary conservation works, although deep alluvial fills and saturated terrace deposits near the basin outlet may amplify ground shaking or lose bearing strength. Bridges, retaining works, and other major structures should be designed in accordance with applicable regional requirements.
CHAPTER 4 — SOIL RESOURCES
Table 4.1: Soil Associations of the Destiny Creek Watershed
| Association Name | Acreage | Percent | Dominant Landform | Drainage Class |
| Destiny Gravelly Sandy Loam | 6,550 ac | 32.0% | Glacial moraines & side slopes | Well drained |
| St. Vrain Cobbly Loam | 4,710 ac | 23.0% | Alluvial fans & stream benches | Well to moderately well |
| High Ridge Shallow Stony | 5,530 ac | 27.0% | Steep mountain slopes & ridges | Excessively drained |
| Mountain Meadow Organic | 1,430 ac | 7.0% | Valley floors & basins | Poorly to very poorly |
| Valley Alluvial | 2,260 ac | 11.0% | Floodplains & active channels | Somewhat poorly drained |
4.1 Soil Formation Factors and Pedological Overview
Soil development within the Destiny Creek Watershed reflects the interaction of five soil-forming factors: parent material, climate, organisms, topography, and time. Parent materials include glacial till, colluvium, alluvium, and residuum from diverse bedrock types. The montane climate with cold winters and moderate precipitation favors podzolization in forested areas and organic accumulation in wetlands.
Soil age varies significantly, with Holocene-age alluvial soils in floodplains contrasting with Pleistocene-age upland soils developed on stable moraine surfaces. Soil depth ranges from skeletal lithosols on steep bedrock slopes to deep (>60 inches) loamy deposits in valley bottoms. Soil temperature regimes include frigid (mean annual soil temperature 32-46°F) and cryic (mean annual temperature <32°F) classes, with cryic conditions above 9,500 feet elevation.
4.2 Field Soil Survey Methods and Mapping Standards
Soil mapping followed SCS National Cooperative Soil Survey standards at 1:12,000 scale with 1-inch = 100-foot vertical resolution. Mapping units represent associations of soil series occurring in repeating patterns across the landscape. Minimum mapping unit size of 3 acres accommodates scale limitations while capturing significant variation.
Field procedures included excavation of 127 soil pits to diagnostic horizons, with complete pedon descriptions following SCS Soil Survey Manual protocols. Bulk samples collected from major horizons for laboratory analysis of particle size distribution, pH, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation. Permeability measured in situ using constant-head methods where water tables permitted.
Correlation with established soil series followed established taxonomic criteria, with four new soil series proposed for unique combinations of properties found in high-elevation periglacial environments. Map unit descriptions include typical profile characteristics, inclusions, and limitations for specified uses.
4.3 Detailed Descriptions of Soil Associations
Destiny Gravelly Sandy Loam: Dominant on glacial moraines and side slopes below 9,500 feet. Parent material: granitic till. Depth: 24-40 inches to paralithic contact. Texture: gravelly sandy loam throughout, with 20-35% coarse fragments. Drainage: well-drained, rapid permeability. pH: 5.8-6.5. Limitations: moderate erosion hazard, droughtiness during summer months.
St. Vrain Cobbly Loam: Occurs on alluvial fans and stream terraces. Parent material: mixed alluvium from sedimentary and crystalline sources. Depth: >60 inches. Texture: cobbly loam upper horizons, grading to sandy loam with depth. Drainage: well to moderately well-drained. pH: 6.0-7.0. Limitations: flooding hazard, high water table during spring runoff.
High Ridge Shallow Stony: Steep mountain slopes and ridge tops above 9,000 feet. Parent material: residuum and colluvium from crystalline rocks. Depth: 8-20 inches to lithic contact. Texture: extremely stony sandy loam. Drainage: excessively drained. pH: 5.5-6.2. Limitations: severe erosion hazard, rockiness precludes most mechanical treatments.
Mountain Meadow Organic: Valley floors and enclosed basins with high water tables. Parent material: organic deposits over alluvium. Depth: 16-40 inches organic overlying mineral horizons. Texture: mucky peat surface, silty clay loam subsoil. Drainage: poorly to very poorly drained. pH: 5.0-6.0. Limitations: high water table, frost heave potential, limited bearing capacity.
Valley Alluvial: Active floodplains and low terraces. Parent material: recent alluvium. Depth: variable, 20-60 inches. Texture: stratified loamy sand to silty clay loam. Drainage: somewhat poorly drained. pH: 6.5-7.5. Limitations: flooding, streambank erosion, piping in sandy layers.
4.4 Soil Engineering Suitability and Physical Constraints
Engineering properties vary systematically with soil association and landscape position. The Destiny series exhibits favorable characteristics for road construction, with moderate bearing capacity (CBR 15-25) and low shrink-swell potential. However, coarse fragment content requires selective handling during excavation.
St. Vrain soils present challenges for foundation support due to seasonal high water tables and potential for liquefaction during seismic events. Structures require raised foundations or engineered fill to prevent frost heave and moisture damage.
High Ridge soils are unsuitable for standard road construction due to shallow depth and excessive stoniness. Where roads must cross these areas, full bench construction with import of suitable fill material is required. Cut slopes in these materials are stable at 1:1 or steeper due to internal friction of angular rock fragments.
Mountain Meadow soils require complete removal and replacement with engineered fill for structural support, or specialized foundation designs incorporating pilings to competent substrate. Trafficability is severely limited during spring thaw and wet periods.
4.5 Agricultural Capability and Land Capability Classification
Land capability classification following SCS guidelines categorizes watershed lands into capability classes and subclasses based on limitations for agricultural use:
Class II (Moderate Limitations): 3,200 acres of St. Vrain and lower Destiny soils on gentle to moderate slopes (0-7% gradient). Limitations include occasional flooding and moderate erosion hazard. Suitable for cultivated crops with conservation practices including contour farming and grassed waterways.
Class III (Severe Limitations): 4,800 acres of Destiny and upper St. Vrain soils on rolling topography (8-15% gradient). Limitations include slope, erosion hazard, and droughtiness. Suitable for pasture and hay with intensive erosion control measures.
Class IV (Very Severe Limitations): 5,400 acres of steep Destiny and shallow High Ridge soils (15-30% gradient). Limitations include slope, severe erosion hazard, and shallow depth. Suitable for pasture with restricted grazing management; unsuitable for cultivation.
Class VI (Non-Arable, Suitable for Grazing): 4,800 acres of High Ridge soils on steep slopes (30-60% gradient). Severe erosion hazard and rockiness limit use to range with very conservative stocking rates.
Class VII (Non-Arable, Suitable for Wildlife/Watershed): 2,280 acres of very steep, rocky terrain (>60% gradient). Protection of watershed values and wildlife habitat constitutes primary management objective.
CHAPTER 5 — WATER RESOURCES
Table 5.1: Monthly Discharge Summary — Destiny Creek (Gaging Station DC-1)
| Month | Mean Discharge (cfs) | Min Discharge (cfs) | Max Discharge (cfs) |
| January | 3.2 | 2.1 | 4.5 |
| February | 2.8 | 1.9 | 3.8 |
| March | 3.5 | 2.2 | 5.1 |
| April | 8.4 | 4.0 | 18.2 |
| May | 62.5 | 18.0 | 195.0 |
| June | 114.0 | 45.0 | 310.0 |
| July | 42.1 | 16.5 | 125.0 |
| August | 18.6 | 8.2 | 68.0 |
| September | 11.2 | 5.4 | 22.0 |
| October | 7.8 | 4.1 | 12.5 |
| November | 5.1 | 3.0 | 7.2 |
| December | 3.8 | 2.4 | 5.0 |
5.1 Surface Water Hydrology and Discharge Dynamics
Destiny Creek exhibits a typical snowmelt-dominated hydrograph characteristic of Colorado Front Range streams. Annual runoff distribution shows 65-70% of total volume occurring during May-July snowmelt period, with baseflow sustained by groundwater discharge during winter months. Mean annual runoff approximates 15,000 acre-feet, yielding an annual runoff coefficient of 0.35 based on precipitation inputs.
Peak flows result from snowmelt saturation of shallow soils, occasionally augmented by summer thunderstorms. The recorded maximum discharge of 310 cfs (June 1975) represents approximately 30% of the estimated 100-year flood event. Flow duration analysis indicates Q90 (flow exceeded 90% of time) of 3.5 cfs, while Q10 equals 85 cfs, demonstrating high flow variability typical of mountain streams.
Diurnal flow fluctuations during snowmelt periods range from 15-25% of mean daily discharge, reflecting daytime temperature controls on melt rates. This pulsing influences streambank stability and sediment transport dynamics, particularly in reaches with limited riparian vegetation.
5.2 Hydrogeology and Groundwater Aquifers
Groundwater occurrence and movement controlled by bedrock lithology and structure. Three distinct hydrogeologic units identified:
Crystalline Aquifer: Fractured Precambrian rocks yield limited but high-quality groundwater through secondary porosity in joint and fault systems. Transmissivity estimated at 5-15 gallons per day per foot. Wells 100-200 feet deep may yield 5-15 gpm for domestic use. Water quality excellent, total dissolved solids <200 mg/L.
Weathered and Fractured Bedrock Aquifer: Deeply weathered granite, gneiss, and fracture zones provide the more dependable bedrock supplies in the lower and middle basin. Wells commonly range from 100 to 300 feet deep and generally yield 5-20 gpm, with larger yields possible where several water-bearing fractures are encountered. Water is usually of good quality and commonly has a calcium-bicarbonate character.
Alluvial Aquifer: Unconsolidated valley fill provides shallow groundwater for stock and limited irrigation use. Saturated thickness 10-30 feet, yields 20-50 gpm. Susceptible to surface contamination and seasonal water table fluctuation. Water quality variable, influenced by surface infiltration.
5.3 Basin Spring Inventory and Hydro-Chemical Properties
Field inventory identified 47 perennial springs and seeps within the watershed, discharging an estimated combined flow of 3.5 cfs. Spring types include contact springs at the base of glacial or colluvial deposits (45 percent), fracture springs in crystalline rocks (40 percent), and seepage springs associated with weathered bedrock and valley-fill deposits (15 percent).
Water chemistry analysis reveals calcium-bicarbonate dominance typical of mountain watersheds. pH ranges from 6.8-7.8, with dissolved oxygen near saturation. Nitrate levels generally <2 mg/L, with elevated values (5-8 mg/L) near livestock concentration areas. Fecal coliform bacteria detected in springs below grazing allotments, indicating need for protection measures.
Spring development potential exists at 12 sites with flows >0.1 cfs and accessible terrain. Developed springs currently provide stock water on four private ranches and two Forest Service allotments. Remaining springs support riparian vegetation and cold-water fisheries habitat.
5.4 Surface Water Quality and Environmental Monitoring
Baseline water quality monitoring conducted monthly at four stations during 1975-1976. Parameters measured include temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, suspended sediment, nutrients, and fecal bacteria. Results indicate generally high water quality with localized impairment.
Temperature regimes remain within cold-water fishery standards (max 18°C) except in lower reaches during late summer low-flow periods. Suspended sediment loads average 150-300 mg/L during snowmelt, increasing to 500-1,000 mg/L during summer thunderstorms. Sediment yields estimated at 1.2 tons per acre annually, elevated above background rates due to road-related erosion.
Nutrient enrichment occurs in lower watershed reaches receiving runoff from agricultural areas and livestock concentration points. Total phosphorus levels range from 0.05-0.15 mg/L, with higher values during spring runoff. Management recommendations include riparian buffer strips and livestock exclusion from sensitive stream reaches.
5.5 Flood Frequency Analysis and Peak Discharge Potential
Flood frequency analysis employed Log-Pearson Type III distribution using 35 years of record from nearby gages and regional regression equations. Results indicate:
2-year flood: 180 cfs
10-year flood: 420 cfs
25-year flood: 680 cfs
50-year flood: 890 cfs
100-year flood: 1,150 cfs
The 100-year floodplain inundates approximately 420 acres, primarily in the lower 3 miles of the mainstem. Floodplain width ranges from 200-400 feet, with depth of flooding 2-4 feet for the 100-year event. Floodplain soils consist of sandy loam alluvium with moderate infiltration capacity, reducing flood peaks through storage and conveyance.
Flash flood potential exists in steep tributary canyons where rainfall intensities exceeding 1 inch per hour may generate debris flows. Historic evidence includes debris fans and boulder deposits indicating events with >500 cfs instantaneous discharge in small tributaries.
CHAPTER 6 — VEGETATION RESOURCES
6.1 Forest Ecology and Silvicultural Cover Types
Forest cover occupies approximately 14,200 acres (69%) of the watershed, ranging from lower montane ponderosa pine forests to subalpine spruce-fir zones. Four distinct cover types recognized:
Ponderosa Pine (7,800 acres): Dominant on south-facing slopes below 8,500 feet. Associated with warm, dry sites on shallow soils. Stand composition 60-80% ponderosa pine with Douglas-fir understory. Average stand age 80-120 years, basal area 80-120 sq ft/acre. Forest type historically maintained by recurring fire with historic fire return interval 15-25 years.
Mixed Conifer (3,400 acres): Transition zone 8,500-9,500 feet featuring Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and aspen. Mesic sites with deeper soils support higher productivity. Multi-aged stands with complex canopy structure. High wildlife value for cover and forage.
Spruce-Fir (2,600 acres): Subalpine zone above 9,500 feet. Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir dominate, with scattered lodgepole pine in post-fire stands. Cool, moist environment with short growing season. Standing dead timber (snags) provide wildlife habitat but contribute to fuel loads.
Aspen (400 acres): Clonal stands in moist sites and post-disturbance areas. High forage productivity for wildlife and livestock. Succession to conifers without disturbance; current aspen coverage represents 40% decline from historic extent.
6.2 Riparian Plant Communities and Wetland Habitats
Riparian zones occupy approximately 850 acres along perennial stream reaches, characterized by elevated water tables and mesic vegetation distinct from upland communities. Dominant communities include:
Narrowleaf Cottonwood-Willow: Lower elevation floodplains with deep alluvial soils. Mature cottonwoods 24-30 inches DBH provide streambank stability and wildlife habitat. Understory includes coyote willow, river birch, and various shrub species.
Subalpine Fir-Rocky Mountain Maple: Upper elevation riparian areas with cold, moist conditions. Dense canopy provides thermal cover for fisheries. Beaked sedge and water birch dominate herbaceous layer.
Wet Meadows: Saturated organic soils in valley bottoms and spring seeps. Sedge-dominated with bluejoint reedgrass and various forbs. Critical livestock forage and elk calving habitat. Hydrology vulnerable to road drainage alterations and grazing impacts.
Fens: Peat-accumulating wetlands in isolated basins with perennially high water tables. Organic deposits 2-6 feet deep. Unique flora including sphagnum moss, cotton-grass, and bog birch. Sensitive to hydrologic disturbance and sedimentation.
6.3 Mountain Meadow Pasture and Range Resources
Non-forested grasslands and shrublands occupy 5,430 acres (26.5%) of the watershed, providing primary grazing resources for livestock and wildlife. Vegetation types include:
Mountain Grassland: Cool-season perennial grasses dominate, including Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, and alpine timothy. Productivity 1,200-1,800 lbs/acre air-dry forage on mesic sites, declining to 600-800 lbs/acre on drier south slopes.
Shrub-Grassland: Big sagebrush and serviceberry with grass understory. Occurs on shallow soils and disturbed sites. Lower forage productivity but important winter range for deer and elk.
Alpine Turf: High-elevation grasslands above tree line. Cushion plant communities with slow growth rates and low productivity. Highly sensitive to trampling and erosion; requires seasonal grazing restrictions.
Range condition assessments indicate 40% of allotments in fair to poor condition, showing signs of overutilization including reduced plant vigor, increased bare ground, and invasion of unpalatable species. Proper use factors suggest current stocking rates exceed carrying capacity by 15-20% on summer ranges.
6.4 Commercial Timber Values and Forest Health Evaluation
Merchantable timber volume estimated at 42 million board feet (Scribner scale), predominantly ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir. Average stand values range from $150-400 per acre depending on accessibility and species composition. Current harvest limited to selective cutting on private lands; National Forest lands managed under sustained yield principles.
Forest health concerns include:
Mountain Pine Beetle: Infestations detected in lodgepole pine stands above 9,000 feet. Approximately 180 acres showing active beetle activity with 15-20% tree mortality. Potential for epidemic expansion under drought conditions.
Douglas-fir Tussock Moth: Cyclic outbreaks recorded in 1968 and 1974, causing moderate defoliation. Populations currently in latent phase but monitoring warranted.
Root Disease: Armillaria and Phellinus root rots present in older mixed conifer stands, causing growth reduction and windthrow susceptibility.
Fire Suppression Effects: 70 years of fire exclusion has resulted in stand densification, fuel accumulation, and shift toward shade-tolerant species. Fire hazard rated high in 60% of forested areas.
CHAPTER 7 — WILDLIFE RESOURCES
7.1 Big Game Ungulate Populations and Range Ecology
The watershed supports significant populations of Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Population estimates are based on winter aerial surveys, field observations, and hunter-harvest records:
Elk: 180-220 animals wintering in the basin, increasing to 350-400 during summer months with immigration from high-country calving areas. Critical winter range occupies south-facing slopes below 8,800 feet with minimal snow depth.
Mule Deer: 120-150 resident animals year-round. Winter concentration areas in lower elevation sage-grassland ecotones. Summer distribution extends to alpine zones.
Moose: No resident population is known within the watershed. A few unconfirmed reports have been received of transient animals entering northern Colorado from Wyoming, but no regular use of Destiny Creek has been established.
Habitat quality limited by: (1) road-related disturbance during calving season; (2) fencing restricting migration corridors; (3) overgrazing competition with livestock on shared ranges; and (4) conifer encroachment reducing grassland forage production. Recommended treatments include fence modifications permitting easier passage by big game and prescribed burning to restore grassland habitats.
7.2 Avian Populations, Nesting Ecology, and Small Mammals
Avian diversity includes 127 documented species, with 42 confirmed breeding pairs. Key species of management concern:
Raptors: Golden eagles nest on cliff faces in upper basin; two active eyries documented. Red-tailed hawks and Cooper’s hawks utilize large ponderosa pines. Osprey observed along mainstem but no confirmed nesting.
Forest Birds: Flammulated owl and northern goshawk present in mature mixed conifer. Three-toed woodpecker associated with beetle-killed lodgepole pine.
Riparian Birds: American dipper nests along cascading stream reaches. Willow flycatcher and yellow warbler utilize dense riparian shrubbery.
Small mammal populations support the predator-prey base, with deer mice, voles, and ground squirrels most abundant. Snowshoe hare present in dense conifer understory. Beaver activity limited to two colonies on lower Destiny Creek, creating wetland habitat but occasionally causing road flooding.
7.3 Cold-Water Fisheries and Aquatic Habitat Conditions
Destiny Creek supports self-sustaining populations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with occasional brown trout (Salmo trutta) in lower reaches. Fish survey data from electroshocking stations:
Upper Basin (above 9,000 ft): Brook trout dominant, average length 8-10 inches, density 150-200 fish per mile. Cold water temperatures and coarse substrate limit productivity but maintain wild fishery.
Middle Reaches: Mixed trout population, average length 10-14 inches. Pool-riffle habitat provides spawning gravels and cover. Riparian shading maintains summer temperatures <16°C.
Lower Reaches: Sedimentation from road crossings reduces habitat quality. Embedded substrate limits spawning success. Fish community shifts to tolerant species near agricultural areas.
Aquatic macroinvertebrate surveys indicate good water quality with diversity indices consistent with conditions observed at undisturbed comparison stations. Sensitive taxa (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) present in upper reaches, declining in lower watershed due to sedimentation and nutrient enrichment.
CHAPTER 8 — EXISTING LAND USE
8.1 Land Use Distribution and Classification Breakdown
Note: Land use categories are not mutually exclusive. Individual parcels may serve multiple functions (e.g., timber production combined with grazing), resulting in cumulative percentages exceeding 100%.
Current land use reflects the mountainous terrain and mixed ownership pattern:
Livestock Grazing: 12,400 acres (60.5%) utilized for cattle grazing, including 8,200 acres of National Forest allotments and 4,200 acres of private rangeland. Seasonal use patterns with cattle on high country July-September and lower elevations during spring/fall.
Timber Production: 6,800 acres (33%) managed for timber production, primarily selective harvest on private lands. Current annual harvest approximately 800 MBF from 120 acres.
Recreation: 4,200 acres (20.5%) receive recreational use including hunting, fishing, hiking, and dispersed camping. Concentrated along Forest Service Road 284 and trailheads.
Residential: 180 acres (0.9%) developed for rural residences and ranches, concentrated in lower basin with road frontage.
Conservation/Wilderness: 1,900 acres (9.3%) designated or managed for conservation values including wildlife habitat and watershed protection.
8.2 Transportation Networks, Roads, and Utilities
The watershed contains 31.4 miles of maintained roads, including:
County Road 47: 8.2 miles of paved county road along lower basin, serving as primary access for residents and recreationists. Road prism stable but drainage structures require upgrading for flood capacity.
Forest Service Road 284: 12.6 miles of gravel surface accessing National Forest lands. Steep grades (up to 12%) with numerous switchbacks. Road drainage inadequate, contributing sediment to streams.
Private Ranch Roads: 10.6 miles of unimproved ranch roads providing access to grazing allotments and timber stands. Mostly single-lane dirt surfaces with limited drainage.
Utility infrastructure includes overhead electrical transmission along County Road 47 and several telephone lines. No natural gas or sewer service. Water supply via individual wells and springs.
8.3 Ranching, Grazing Allotments, and Forage Production
Livestock operations include four private ranches and two Forest Service grazing allotments:
Destiny Creek Ranch: 2,800 acres private land plus 3,200 acres Forest Service allotment. Cattle operation with 250 cow-calf pairs. Seasonal grazing rotation with hay production on 180 irrigated acres.
High Ridge Livestock: 1,400 acres private plus 2,800 acres allotment. Yearling operation grazing 400 head during summer months.
Forest Service Allotments: Two allotments totaling 5,000 acres permitted for 550 AUMs (Animal Unit Months) of cattle grazing. Current utilization rates at or slightly above carrying capacity.
Forage production limited by elevation and climate. Hay meadows produce 1.5-2.5 tons per acre under flood irrigation. Upland ranges provide 0.5-1.0 AUMs per acre depending on aspect and soil depth. Supplemental feeding required December-April.
CHAPTER 9 — WATERSHED PROBLEMS
9.1 Accelerated Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield
Field investigations document accelerated erosion rates 3-5 times above background levels in areas disturbed by roads, timber harvest, and overgrazing. Specific problem areas include:
Road-Related Erosion: 14.2 miles of roads lack adequate drainage, with 47 locations showing active gully formation. Road prism erosion contributes an estimated 1,800 tons annually to stream systems.
Gully Erosion: 23 active gullies identified in overgrazed meadows and road fill slopes, enlarging headward and delivering sediment directly to channels. Gully depths range from 2-8 feet, with some extending 300+ feet upslope.
Sheet and Rill Erosion: Exposed soil on steep slopes and degraded ranges shows rill development following intense rainfall. Bare ground percentages exceed 35% on heavily grazed south slopes versus 5-10% on protected areas.
Sediment delivery ratio estimated at 65%, indicating most eroded material reaches stream channels. This impacts fisheries habitat through substrate embeddedness and reduces reservoir capacity downstream.
9.2 Streambank Instability and Channel Morphology Loss
Channel degradation observed along 4.2 miles of Destiny Creek and major tributaries:
Bank Erosion: Active undercutting along 2.8 miles of stream, with retreat rates 0.5-2.0 feet annually. Caused by loss of riparian vegetation, cattle trampling, and altered hydrology from upstream development.
Channel Incision: Headward migrating knickpoints in lower reaches, lowering channel bed by 2-4 feet in some locations. Threatens bridge foundations and disconnects floodplains.
Sediment Deposition: Aggradation in reaches below active gullies, forming gravel bars that alter flow patterns and reduce pool depth. Approximately 12,000 cubic yards of stored sediment identified in 1.2-mile study reach.
Riparian Degradation: Loss of woody vegetation along 35% of perennial stream length, reducing bank stability and shading. Willow communities particularly impacted by livestock browsing.
9.3 Transportation Drainage and Culvert Deficiencies
Transportation infrastructure inadequacies create chronic maintenance issues and environmental impacts:
Undersized Culverts: 12 of 19 culverts rated inadequate for 25-year flood events. Plugging and overtopping common during snowmelt, causing road washouts and sediment delivery.
Inadequate Cross-Drains: Forest Service Road 284 lacks sufficient water bars and rolling dips, concentrating runoff and causing rill erosion on road surfaces and cut slopes.
Failed Stream Crossings: Three locations showing chronic failure requiring annual repair. One concrete box culvert cracked and displaced by debris flows.
Dust Abatement: Unpaved roads generate dust that settles on riparian vegetation and reduces air quality. Calcium chloride application required but not consistently implemented.
9.4 Wildfire Fuel Accumulation and Insect Infestations
Forest conditions present elevated wildfire hazard and insect epidemic risk:
Fuel Loads: Surface fuels average 12-18 tons per acre in ponderosa pine stands, triple historical levels. Ladder fuels allow crown fire potential in 40% of forested area. Standing dead timber adds to hazard.
Fire History: No significant fire since 1932, resulting in stand densification and species composition shifts. Fire exclusion has created unnatural conditions prone to high-intensity stand-replacing events.
Insect Activity: Mountain pine beetle populations building in lodgepole pine stands. Drought stress increases susceptibility. Potential for 500+ acre mortality within 5 years without intervention.
Disease: Root rot centers expanding in mixed conifer, creating windthrow hazard and growth losses.
CHAPTER 10 — RECOMMENDED CONSERVATION PRACTICES
10.1 Road Engineering, Slope Stabilization, and Drainage
Priority road improvements to reduce erosion and improve hydrologic function:
Culvert Replacement: Install 19 culverts sized for 50-year flood events (24-48 inch diameter corrugated metal pipe). Include inlet protection and outlet riprap aprons to prevent scour.
Rolling Dips and Cross-Drains: Construct 64 water bars and rolling dips on Forest Service Road 284 to intercept sheet flow and discharge into stable vegetated areas.
Slope Stabilization: Hydroseed 32 acres of road cut and fill slopes with native grass mix plus straw mulch. Install rock check dams at 15 priority gully locations (representing the most severe of the 23 active gullies identified, selected based on sediment delivery potential and treatment cost-effectiveness).
Outlet Protection: Place riprap energy dissipaters at 28 culvert outlets to prevent downstream channel erosion.
Road Reclamation: Decommission 3.2 miles of unnecessary ranch roads through ripping, recontouring, and revegetation to reduce sediment sources.
10.2 Vegetative Streambank Stabilization and Fish Habitat Improvement
Stream and riparian restoration treatments:
Willow Staking: Install 20,000 linear feet of dormant willow cuttings along eroded streambanks using vegetative bank-stabilization methods. Stabilize 2.8 miles of degraded banks through vegetative and structural methods.
Riparian Fencing: Construct 6.2 miles of four-strand barbed wire fencing to exclude livestock from riparian zones. Include off-channel livestock watering facilities.
Stock Crossings: Install 8 hardened gravel crossings with geotextile reinforcement to allow livestock access while reducing bank disturbance.
Channel Restoration: Restore incised channel reaches with low rock sills, loose-rock check structures, and other grade-stabilization works to arrest headcutting, raise the channel bed, and restore overflow onto adjoining bottom lands. Revegetate disturbed banks with native woody species.
Wetland Enhancement: Restore hydrology to degraded wetlands through ditch plugging and water control structures.
10.3 Silvicultural Thinning and Wildfire Fuel Reduction
Forest management treatments to improve health and reduce fire hazard:
Selective Thinning: Thin 1,200 acres of dense ponderosa pine and mixed conifer stands to 60-80 sq ft basal area, favoring dominant, healthy trees. Reduce ladder fuels and surface loading.
Shaded Fuelbreaks: Establish 145 acres of shaded fuelbreaks along County Road 47 and Forest Service Road 284 to provide anchor points for fire suppression.
Sanitation Cutting: Remove beetle-infested lodgepole pine in 180-acre infestation zone to prevent spread. Utilize or dispose of removed material to prevent fuel buildup.
Prescribed Burning: Implement 200 acres of underburning in appropriate ponderosa pine stands to reduce fuels and restore fire-adapted conditions.
CHAPTER 11 — ESTIMATED PROJECT COSTS
Table 11.1: Comprehensive Capital Improvement and Project Cost Breakdown
| Project Category / Description | Quantity | Unit Cost | Total Cost |
| Culvert Replacement (24″ to 48″ CMP) | 19 Units | $4,200 / unit | $79,800 |
| Road Cut/Fill Slope Hydroseeding | 32 Acres | $1,850 / acre | $59,200 |
| Rolling Dips & Cross-Drains | 64 Locations | $650 / location | $41,600 |
| Riprap Outlet Energy Dissipaters | 28 Outlets | $850 / outlet | $23,800 |
| Streambank Willow Staking and Vegetative Stabilization | 20,000 Lin. Ft. | $8.50 / ft | $170,000 |
| Riparian Exclusion Fencing (4-Strand) | 6.2 Miles | $6,800 / mile | $42,160 |
| Hardened Gravel Stock Crossings | 8 Locations | $2,500 / location | $20,000 |
| Selective Forest Thinning | 1,200 Acres | $320 / acre | $384,000 |
| Shaded Fuelbreak Construction | 145 Acres | $450 / acre | $65,250 |
| Spring Development & Gravity-Fed Stock Tanks | 4 Systems | $4,800 / system | $19,200 |
| Pasture Cross-Fencing | 4.5 Miles | $5,200 / mile | $23,400 |
| Engineering Design & Supervision | Lump Sum | 12% of construction | $111,409 |
| Contingency (10% of construction items) | Lump Sum | 10% of items above | $92,841 |
| TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST | — | — | $1,132,660 |
Note: Engineering calculated as 12% of construction costs (items 1-11). Contingency calculated as 10% of construction costs only, representing unforeseen conditions and price escalation.
11.1 Itemized Capital Expenditure Budget
Cost estimates based on 1976 unit prices for comparable SCS projects in Colorado. Road construction costs assume equipment rental rates and labor at federal wage scales. Vegetative stabilization costs include materials, labor, and one-year survival monitoring. Forest management costs reflect commercial thinning with retained biomass value offsetting 30% of treatment costs.
Phasing is based on erosion hazard and cost effectiveness. Phase I (Years 1-2) addresses critical road drainage and culvert failures ($285,000). Phase II (Years 3-5) carries out streambank, range, and forest treatments ($647,000). Phase III (Years 6-7) completes remaining measures ($200,660).
11.2 Cost-Sharing Programs and Implementation Timeline
Funding sources and cost-share arrangements:
USDA SCS Watershed Operations: 75% federal cost share for flood prevention practices (culverts, drainage, streambank protection). Local match 25% through in-kind labor or materials.
Colorado State Forest Service: 50% cost share for forest health treatments on private lands. Forest Service provides matching funds for federal land treatments.
Colorado Division of Wildlife: Habitat improvement grants covering 60% of riparian fencing and wetland restoration.
Destiny County: Road improvement funds for County Road 47 drainage upgrades.
Private Landowners: Contribution of access, labor, and maintenance for practices on deeded lands.
Implementation assumes a 7-year construction period, 1977-1983, contingent upon funding availability and compliance with applicable Federal and State requirements.
CHAPTER 12 — SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
12.1 General Summary and Priority Measures
The Destiny Creek Watershed Plan represents a comprehensive approach to natural resource management addressing soil erosion, water quality, forest health, and wildlife habitat as parts of a coordinated resource program. Priority treatments focus on road drainage improvements to reduce sediment delivery, riparian restoration to enhance fisheries habitat, and forest thinning to mitigate wildfire hazard.
Success requires continued interagency coordination and landowner cooperation. Benefits throughout the drainage area depend upon carrying out compatible measures on Federal, State, and private lands. Continued measurements of sediment, water quality, and plant response will show whether treatments are effective and permit adjustment of the work where field results warrant.
The estimated $1.13 million investment, aided by cost-share programs, will protect downstream roads, bridges, and other improvements valued at more than $5 million while maintaining renewable-resource production. Implementation will improve soil and water conditions, protect fish and wildlife habitat, and maintain the agricultural and recreational values of the Destiny Creek Watershed for future generations.
The references and supporting technical information used in the preparation of this report were obtained from published Federal and State reports, Soil Conservation Service field records, cooperating agency files, and field investigations completed during the 1975–1976 study period.
References Cited
[Standard bibliographic entries would follow]
Appendices (A–M) Index of Supporting Map Plates
Appendix A: Soil Survey Map Units and Descriptions
Appendix B: Hydrologic Computations and Flood Frequency Tables
Appendix C: Timber Cruise Records and Stand Inventory Tables
Appendix D: Wildlife Survey Data and Observation Records
Appendix E: Representative Soil Profile Logs
Appendix F: Monthly Precipitation, Snow Course, and Climate Records
Appendix G: Stream Gaging Measurements and Discharge Summaries
Appendix H: Road, Bridge, and Culvert Inventory Sheets
Appendix I: Engineering Sketches and Standard Details
Appendix J: Representative Channel Cross Sections
Appendix K: Aerial Photograph and Map Plate Index
Appendix L: Vegetation Transect and Range Condition Field Sheets
Appendix M: Field Notes, Photographic Log, and Investigation Record
Map Plate 1: Watershed Location and Regional Context
Map Plate 2: Topography and Drainage Network
Map Plate 3: Geology and Slope Stability
Map Plate 4: Soil Associations and Land Capability
Map Plate 5: Vegetation Cover Types
Map Plate 6: Current Land Use and Ownership
Map Plate 7: Proposed Conservation Practice Locations
Map Plate 8: Floodplain and Flood Hazard Zones